Spain's Energy Advances and Vulnerability

 

Toledo, Spain. On the right is the castle-fortress known as the Alcazar

Spain's dependence on renewable energy sources has been growing significantly, with over 50% of its electricity generated from renewable sources, including wind, solar, and hydropower. This increase has been accompanied by a reduction in fossil fuel use, making Spain a global leader in renewable energy deployment.

In 2024, Spain relied on fossil fuels for 23% of its electricity. Its emissions per capita were below the global average. Spain is the European country with the third highest renewable energy generation capacity and 11th lowest CO2 emissions per inhabitant.

Spain is fortunate to have a very sunny southern region with offshore generation sources, and a high windy Plateau (remember Quijote's windmills?)

The main source of energy in the homes is electricity, generated by wind, nuclear power and natural gas. However, as with most countries, the electric power grid in Spain is vulnerable. On April 28, 2025, there was a major power blackout through Spain. The outage affected airports, shops and offices across Spain, Portugal and parts of France. 

Many people had to be rescued from stalled elevators and the subway lines were not operating. There were long lines of people waiting to take busses. The outage cut phone service and shut down traffic lights and ATM machines.

Backup systems provided power to hospitals, prisons, airports and nuclear power plants.

As to the possible cause of the massive outage, an engineer explained, "One possible cause for a highly connected network is for one area to go down due to substation transformer failure or shorted/failure of a transmission line which can cause additional circuits to open, sort of a domino effect as the system tries to stabilize (and fails)! As the dominos continue to fall - the failure area gets larger and larger."

A power engineer from the U.K. explained, "The Iberian grid suffered a disturbance in the south-west at 12:33. In 3.5 seconds this worsened and the interconnection to France disconnected. All renewable generation then went off-line, followed by disconnection of all rotating generation plant. The Iberian blackout was complete within a few seconds."

Related reading: Spain - Energy; Massive power outages hit Spain, Portugal and France; I’m a power engineer. The Iberian grid collapse makes me very afraid for Britain

300,000-Year Human Footprints Found in Spain

Current intertidal zone surrounding El Pichilín, Castilla beach, Matalascañas.

Footprints indicate the presence of humans in Southern Spain in the Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene) 200,000 years earlier than previously thought. More than 300 footprints have been found, of which 10% are considered well-preserved.

The discovery in June 2020 of human footprints more than 106,000 years old next to El Asperillo cliff (Matalascañas, Huelva) was considered one of the most important discoveries of that year. But now it has confirmed that those footprints are in fact 200,000 years older than previously thought, with a margin of error of 17,800 years, according to the data collected from the four samples of sedimentary levels in the cliffs of El Asperillo.

Researcher and GRS Radioisotopes technician Jorge Rivera applied an optically-stimulated luminescence technique at the Center for Research, Technology and Innovation laboratories at the University of Seville (CITIUS) and at CENIEH to the Matalascañas footprints to determine that the footprints are in fact 200,000 years older than previously suspected.

The Matalascañas discovery establishes the scenario that prevailed on the coast of the Gulf of Cádiz, with human settlements in a more temperate and humid climate than in the rest of Europe. In that period the sea level would have been about 60 meters below its current level. This implies that there would have been a great coastal plain, with large flood-prone areas, in which the footprints discovered in mid-2020 would have been made.

The site’s new dating also affects the vertebrate animals found, since the hominin traces there also included footprints of large mammals such as straight-tusked elephants, gigantic bulls (aurochs) and boars. It was the fauna that inhabited what is today Doñana National Park 300,000 years ago and not 100,000 years ago, as earlier reported.

The Chibanian includes the transition in palaeoanthropology from the Lower to the Middle Palaeolithic, which includes the emergence of modern humans between 300,000 and 400,000 years ago. As of 2016, the oldest known human DNA dates to the Middle Pleistocene, around 430,000 years ago. 

Related reading: Footprints Indicate Human Presence in Spain in the Middle Pleistocene